Working sheet ESP
for civil engineering
Writer : Marlina
Gadis Safitri
Editor : Cylvia
Mutiara
List of activities
in ESP for Civil Engineering
1. Short Article
about Civil Engineering
2. 5W1H Questions
3. Verbal and
Nominal Sentences
4. Tenses and It’s
Pattern
5. Active and
Passive Construction
6. List of
Vocabulary
7. Translation
into Indonesia
8. Reasons Why
Writer Uses Tenses
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
A.
Short Article
about Civil Engineering
History of Civil Engineering:
It is difficult to determine the history of emergence and
beginning of civil engineering, however, that the history of civil engineering
is a mirror of the history of human beings on this earth. Man used the old
shelter caves to protect themselves of weather and harsh environment, and used
a tree trunk to cross the river, which being the demonstration of ancient age
civil engineering.
Civil Engineering has been an aspect of life since the
beginnings of human existence. The earliest practices of Civil engg may have
commenced between 4000 and 2000 BC in Ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia (Ancient
Iraq) when humans started to abandon a nomadic existence, thus causing a need
for the construction of shelter. During this time, transportation became
increasingly important leading to the development of the wheel and sailing.
Until modern times there was no clear distinction between
civil engg and architecture, and the term engineer and architect were mainly
geographical variations referring to the same person, often used
interchangeably. The construction of Pyramids in Egypt (circa 2700-2500 BC) might
be considered the first instances of large structure constructions. round 2550
BC, Imhotep, the first documented engineer, built a famous stepped pyramid for
King Djoser located at Saqqara Necropolis. With simple tools and mathematics he
created a monument that stands to this day. His greatest contribution to
engineering was his discovery of the art of building with shaped stones. Those
who followed him carried engineering to remarkable heights using skill and
imagination.
Ancient historic civil engineering constructions include
the Qanat water management system (the oldest older than 3000 years and longer
than 71 km,) the Parthenon by Iktinos in Ancient Greece (447-438 BC), the
Appian Way by Roman engineers (c. 312 BC), the Great Wall of China by General
Meng T’ien under orders from Ch’in Emperor Shih Huang Ti (c. 220 BC) and the
stupas constructed in ancient Sri Lanka like the Jetavanaramaya and the
extensive irrigation works in Anuradhapura. The Romans developed civil
structures throughout their empire, including especially aqueducts, insulae,
harbours, bridges, dams and roads.
Other remarkable historical structures are Sennacherib's Aqueduct at
Jerwan built in 691 BC; Li Ping's irrigation projects in China (around 220 BC);
Julius Caesar's Bridge over the Rhine River built in 55 BC, numerous bridges
built by other Romans in and around Rome(e.g. the pons Fabricius); Pont du Gard
(Roman Aqueduct, Nimes, France) built in 19 BC; the extensive system of
highways the Romans built to facilitate trading and (more importantly) fast
manoeuvring of legions; extensive irrigation system constructed by the Hohokam
Indians, Salt River, AZ around 600 AD; first dykes defending against high water
in Friesland, The Netherlands around 1000 AD; El Camino Real - The Royal Road,
Eastern Branch, TX and Western Branch, NM (1500s AD).
A treatise on Architecture, Book called Vitruvius' De Archiectura, was
published at 1AD in Rome and survived to give us a look at engineering
education in ancient times. It was probably written around 15 BC by the Roman
architect Vitruvius and dedicated to his patron, the emperor Caesar Augustus,
as a guide for building projects.
Throughout ancient and medieval history most architectural design and
construction was carried out by artisans, such as stonemasons and carpenters,
rising to the role of master builder. Knowledge was retained in guilds and
seldom supplanted by advances. Structures, roads and infrastructure that
existed were repetitive, and increases in scale were incremental.
One of the earliest examples of a scientific approach to physical and
mathematical problems applicable to civil engineering is the work of Archimedes
in the 3rd century BC, including Archimedes Principle, which underpins our
understanding of buoyancy, and practical solutions such as Archimedes’ screw.
Brahmagupta, an Indian mathematician, used arithmetic in the 7th century AD,
based on Hindu-Arabic numerals, for excavation (volume) computations.
Educational &
Institutional history of civil engineering
In the 18th century, the term civil engineering was coined to
incorporate all things civilian as opposed to military engineering. The first
engineering school, The National School of Bridges and Highways, France, was
opened in 1747. The first self-proclaimed civil engineer was John Smeaton who
constructed the Eddystone Lighthouse. In 1771, Smeaton and some of his
colleagues formed the Smeatonian Society of Civil Engineers, a group of leaders
of the profession who met informally over dinner. Though there was evidence of
some technical meetings, it was little more than a social society.
In 1818, world’s first engineering society, the Institution of Civil
Engineers was founded in London, and in 1820 the eminent engineer Thomas
Telford became its first president. The institution received a Royal Charter in
1828, formally recognizing civil engineering as a profession. Its charter
defined civil engineering as: “Civil engineering is the application of
physical and scientific principles, and its history is intricately linked to
advances in understanding of physics and mathematics throughout history.
Because civil engineering is a wide ranging profession, including several
separate specialized sub-disciplines, its history is linked to knowledge of
structures, material science, geography, geology, soil, hydrology, environment,
mechanics and other fields.”
The first private college to teach Civil Engineering in the United
States was Norwich University founded in 1819 by Captain Alden Partridge. The
first degree in Civil Engineering in the United States was awarded by
Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute in 1835. The first such degree to be awarded
to a woman was granted by Cornell University to Nora Stanton Blatch in 1905.
B.
5W1H
Questions
Instruction: Referring to the article you have, please build each two
examples of your sentences Question and Answer based on 5W1H (Who, What, Where,
Why, When, How).
SENTENCE BUILDING
|
No |
WH |
Sentence Building (Question and Answer) |
|
1 |
Who |
Who
is the first president of institution of civil engineering in London? |
|
Answer |
Thomas
Telford |
|
|
2 |
Who |
who
received the royal charter for the acquisition of civil engineering as a
profession? |
|
Answer |
the
London civil engineer institute |
|
|
3 |
What |
What
is one expression of civil engineering construction in China? |
|
Answer |
The
construction of the wall of China |
|
|
4 |
What |
What
is the content of the royal charter |
|
Answer |
Its charter defined civil engineering as: “Civil engineering
is the application of physical and scientific principles, and its history is
intricately linked to advances in understanding of physics and mathematics
throughout history. Because civil engineering is a wide ranging profession,
including several separate specialized sub-disciplines, its history is linked
to knowledge of structures, material science, geography, geology, soil,
hydrology, environment, mechanics and other fields.” |
|
|
5 |
Where |
Where
is anient man refuge from weather and hars environment? |
|
Answer |
in
the old shelter caves |
|
|
6 |
Where |
Where
was the pyramids for king Djoser founded? |
|
Answer |
saqqara
Necropolis |
|
|
7 |
Why |
Why the Inca Empire is considered an engineering
marvel? |
|
Answer |
Because
The people of Machu Picchu built a mountain
top city with running water, drainage systems, food production and stone
structures so advanced that they endured for over 500years. |
|
|
8 |
Why |
Why
the hight of Inpa Empire is considered an engineering marvel? |
|
Answer |
beacuse
it is built in the Andes Mountains assisted by some of history’s most
ingenious water resource engineers. |
|
|
9 |
When |
When
was Norwich University founded? |
|
Answer |
in
1819 |
|
|
10 |
When |
When Was Machu Picchu built ? |
|
Answer |
built at around 1450 |
|
|
11 |
How |
How
did imhotep build the pyramids for king Djoser? |
|
Answer |
With
simple tools and mathematics he created a monument that stands to this day. |
|
|
12 |
How |
how
did Imhotep build the stepped pyramid for king Djoser? |
|
Answer |
with
simple tools and math |
C.
Verbal and Nominal Sentences
Clues: Verbal sentences (V) are those,
which start with a verb. Non-verbal sentences start with a noun or
pronoun, or with derivative nouns. Verbal sentences consist of a verb + subject
+ object or adverbial phrase. The subject and object can be either nouns or
pronouns. Nominal sentence (N) also
known as equational sentence is a linguistic term that refers to a
nonverbal sentence (i.e. a sentence without a finite verb). As a
nominal sentence does not have a verbal predicate, it may contain a nominal
predicate, an adjectival predicate, in Semitic languages also an adverbial
predicate or even a prepositional predicate.
1.
Verbal Sentences
|
No |
Sentences |
V |
|
01 |
Brahmagupta,
an Indian mathematician, used arithmetic in the 7th century AD, based on
Hindu-Arabic numerals, for excavation (volume) computations. |
V |
|
02 |
Man
used the old shelter caves to protect themselves of weather and harsh
environment, and used a tree trunk to cross the river, which being the
demonstration of ancient age civil engineering. |
V |
|
03 |
Civil
Engineering has been an aspect of life since the beginnings of human
existence. |
V |
|
04 |
Machu
Picchu, Peru, built at around 1450, at the height of the Inca Empire is
considered an engineering marvel. |
V |
|
05 |
treatise
on Architecture, Book called Vitruvius' De Archiectura, was published at 1AD
in Rome and survived to give us a look at engineering education in ancient
times. |
V |
|
06 |
Throughout
ancient and medieval history most architectural design and construction was
carried out by artisans, such as stonemasons and carpenters, rising to the
role of master builder. |
V |
|
07 |
In
1771, Smeaton and some of his colleagues formed the Smeatonian Society of
Civil Engineers, a group of leaders of the profession who met informally over
dinner. |
V |
|
08 |
The
people of Machu Picchu built a mountain top city with running water |
V |
|
09 |
The
first such degree to be awarded to a woman was granted by Cornell University
to Nora Stanton Blatch in 1905. |
V |
|
10 |
The
Romans developed civil structures throughout their empire, including
especially aqueducts, insulae, harbours, bridges, dams and roads. |
V |
2.
Nominal Sentences
|
No |
Sentences |
N |
|
01 |
the
Institution of Civil Engineers was founded in London |
N |
|
02 |
and
in 1820 the eminent engineer Thomas Telford became its first president |
N |
|
03 |
Its
charter defined civil engineering |
N |
|
04 |
“Civil engineering is the
application of physical and scientific principles |
N |
|
05 |
Because civil engineering is a wide
ranging profession |
N |
|
06 |
The
first private college to teach Civil Engineering in the United States was
Norwich University founded in 1819 by Captain Alden Partridge. |
N |
|
07 |
It
is difficult to determine the history of emergence |
N |
|
08 |
until
modern times there was no clear distinction between civil engg and
architecture |
N |
|
09 |
.The
construction of Pyramids in Egypt (circa 2700-2500 BC) might be considered
the first instances of large structure constructions. |
N |
|
10 |
Other
remarkable historical structures are Sennacherib's Aqueduct at Jerwan built
in 691 |
N |
D. Active and Passive Construction
|
No |
Sentences |
Active |
Passive |
|
01 |
Man used the old shelter
caves to protect themselves of weather and harsh environment, and used a tree
trunk to cross the river, which being the demonstration of ancient age civil
engineering. |
a |
|
|
02 |
Civil
Engineering has been an aspect of life since the beginnings of human
existence. |
|
p |
|
03 |
Around
2550 BC, Imhotep, the first documented engineer, built a famous stepped
pyramid for King Djoser located at Saqqara Necropolis |
a |
|
|
04 |
The
Romans developed civil structures throughout their empire, including
especially aqueducts, insulae, harbours, bridges, dams and roads. |
|
p |
|
05 |
Machu
Picchu, Peru, built at around 1450, at the height of the Inca Empire is
considered an engineering marvel. |
|
p |
|
06 |
The
people of Machu Picchu built a mountain top city with running water, drainage
systems, food production and stone structures so advanced that they endured
for over 500years. |
a |
|
|
07 |
A treatise on
Architecture, Book called Vitruvius' De Archiectura, was published at 1AD in
Rome and survived to give us a look at engineering education in ancient
times. |
|
p |
|
08 |
the Great Wall of China by General Meng
T’ien under orders from Ch’in Emperor Shih Huang Ti (c. 220 BC) and the
stupas constructed in ancient Sri Lanka like the Jetavanaramaya and the
extensive irrigation works in Anuradhapura. |
|
p |
|
09 |
Pont du Gard (Roman Aqueduct,
Nimes, France) built in 19 BC; the extensive system of highways the Romans
built to facilitate trading |
|
p |
|
10 |
The first self-proclaimed
civil engineer was John Smeaton who constructed the Eddystone Lighthouse. In
1771, Smeaton and some of his colleagues formed the Smeatonian Society of
Civil Engineers, a group of leaders of the profession who met informally over
dinner. Though there was evidence of some technical meetings, it was little
more than a social society |
|
p |
E. List of
Vocabulary
|
No |
Vocabulary |
Pronoun
Spelling |
Meaning |
|
01 |
Difficult |
ˈdifəkəlt |
Sulit |
|
02 |
existence |
iɡˈzistəns |
Adanya |
|
03 |
themselves |
T͟Həmˈselvz |
Diri mereka sendiri |
|
04 |
geographical |
jēəˈɡrafik(ə)l |
Geografis |
|
05 |
extensive |
ikˈstensiv |
Luas |
|
06 |
emperor |
ˈemp(ə)rər |
Kaisar |
|
07 |
scientific |
sīənˈtifik |
Ilmiah |
|
08 |
eminent |
ˈemənənt |
Terkenal |
|
09 |
medieval |
med(ē)ˈēvəl |
Pertengahan |
|
10 |
buoyancy |
boiənsē |
Kemampuan mengapung |
F.
Tenses
and It’s Pattern
· The Institution of Civil Engineers was founded in
London
Simple Past Tense = S + to be + V2
·
Machu Picchu, Peru, built at around 1450, at
the height of the Inca Empire is considered an
engineering marvel.
Smiple Past Tense = S+ to be + V2
·
Civil Engineering has been an aspect of life
since the beginnings of human existence.
Present Perfect Tense = S + to have + V3
·
Man used the old shelter caves to
protect themselves of weather and harsh environment, and used a tree trunk to
cross the river, which being the demonstration of ancient age civil
engineering.
Simple Past Tense = S + V2
·
The Romans developed
civil
structures throughout their empire, including especially aqueducts, insulae,
harbours, bridges, dams and roads.
Simple Past Tense = S + V2
·
Throughout ancient and medieval history most architectural design
and construction was carried out by artisans, such as stonemasons and
carpenters, rising to the role of master builder.
Simple Past Tense =S + to be + V2
·
The first
such degree to be awarded to a woman was granted by Cornell University to Nora
Stanton Blatch in 1905.
Simple Past Tense = S + to be + V2
·
until modern times there was no clear
distinction between civil engg and architecture
Simple Past Tense = S
+ V2
· “Civil engineering is the application of physical and scientific
principles”
Simple Present Tense = S + to be + V1
·
It is difficult to determine the history of emergence
Simple Present Tense = S + to be + V1
G. Translation into Indonesia
Please translate the article into Indonesia
Sulit untuk menentukan sejarah muncul dan awal mulanya teknik sipil,
bagaimanapun, sejarah teknik sipil adalah cerminan dari sejarah umat manusia di
muka bumi ini. Manusia menggunakan gua perlindungan tua untuk melindungi diri
dari cuaca dan lingkungan yang keras, dan menggunakan batang pohon untuk
menyeberangi sungai, yang merupakan demonstrasi teknik sipil zaman kuno. Teknik
Sipil telah menjadi aspek kehidupan sejak awal keberadaan manusia. Praktek
paling awal dari teknik sipil mungkin telah dimulai antara tahun 4000 dan 2000
SM di Mesir Kuno dan Mesopotamia (Irak Kuno) ketika manusia mulai meninggalkan
kebiasaan nomaden, sehingga memunculkan kebutuhan akan pembangunan tempat
tinggal. Selama ini, transportasi menjadi semakin penting yang mengarah pada
perkembangan roda dan layar. Hingga zaman modern tidak ada perbedaan yang jelas
antara teknik sipil dan arsitektur, dan istilah insinyur dan arsitek terutama
merupakan variasi geografis yang mengacu pada orang yang sama, sering digunakan
secara bergantian. Pembangunan Piramida di Mesir (sekitar 2700-2500 SM) mungkin
dianggap sebagai contoh pertama dari konstruksi dalam struktur besar.
Sekitar tahun 2550 SM, Imhotep, insinyur pertama yang terdokumentasi,
membangun piramida berundak yang terkenal untuk Raja Djoser yang terletak di
Saqqara Necropolis. Dengan alat sederhana dan ilmu matematika ia menciptakan
sebuah monumen yang berdiri hingga hari ini. Kontribusi terbesarnya adalah
penemuan seni membangun dengan batu berbentuk. Mereka yang mengikutinya membawa
teknik ke tingkat yang luar biasa menggunakan keterampilan dan imajinasi.
Konstruksi teknik sipil bersejarah kuno termasuk sistem pengelolaan air Qanat
(yang tertua lebih tua dari 3000 tahun dan lebih panjang dari 71 km), Parthenon
oleh Iktinos di Yunani Kuno (447-438 SM), Jalan Appian oleh insinyur Romawi (c.
312 SM ), Tembok Besar China oleh Jenderal Meng T'ien di bawah perintah Kaisar
Ch'in Shih Huang Ti (c. 220 SM) dan stupa yang dibangun di Sri Lanka kuno
seperti Jetavanaramaya dan pekerjaan irigasi ekstensif di Anuradhapura. Bangsa
Romawi mengembangkan struktur sipil di seluruh kerajaan mereka, termasuk
terutama saluran air, insulae, pelabuhan, jembatan, bendungan dan jalan.
Struktur sejarah luar biasa lainnya adalah Saluran Air Sennacherib di Jerwan
yang dibangun pada 691 SM; Proyek irigasi Li Ping di Cina (sekitar 220 SM);
Jembatan Julius Caesar di atas Sungai Rhine dibangun pada tahun 55 SM, banyak
jembatan yang dibangun oleh orang Romawi lainnya di dalam dan sekitar Roma
(misalnya pons Fabricius); Pont du Gard (Aqueduct Romawi, Nimes, Prancis)
dibangun pada tahun 19 SM; sistem ekstensif jalan raya yang dibangun orang
Romawi untuk memfasilitasi perdagangan dan (lebih penting) manuver cepat
legiun; sistem irigasi ekstensif yang dibangun oleh suku Indian Hohokam, Salt
River, AZ sekitar tahun 600 M; tanggul pertama yang bertahan melawan air tinggi
di Friesland, Belanda sekitar tahun 1000 M; El Camino Real - Jalan Kerajaan,
Cabang Timur, TX dan Cabang Barat, NM (1500-an M).
Machu Picchu, Peru, dibangun sekitar tahun 1450, pada puncak Kekaisaran
Inca dianggap sebagai keajaiban teknik. Dia dibangun di Pegunungan Andes dengan
dibantu oleh beberapa insinyur sumber daya air paling cerdik dalam sejarah.
Orang-orang Machu Picchu membangun kota di puncak gunung dengan air yang
mengalir, sistem drainase, produksi makanan, dan struktur batu yang begitu
canggih sehingga mereka bisa bertahan selama lebih dari 500 tahun. Sebuah kisah
tentang Arsitektur, Buku berjudul Vitruvius' De Archiectura, yang diterbitkan
pada 1AD di Roma dan bertahan untuk memberi kita pandangan tentang pendidikan
teknik di zaman kuno. Hal itu mungkin ditulis sekitar pada tahun 15 SM oleh
arsitek Romawi Vitruvius dan ditujukan untuk pelindungnya, kaisar Caesar
Augustus, sebagai panduan untuk proyek pembangunan. Sepanjang sejarah kuno dan
abad pertengahan sebagian besar desain arsitektur dan konstruksi dilakukan oleh
pengrajin, seperti tukang batu dan tukang kayu, naik ke peran master pembangun.
Pengetahuan dipertahankan di gilda dan jarang digantikan oleh kemajuan.
Struktur, jalan dan infrastruktur yang ada bersifat repetitif, dan peningkatan skala
bersifat inkremental. Salah satu contoh paling awal dari pendekatan ilmiah
untuk masalah fisik dan matematika yang berlaku untuk teknik sipil adalah karya
Archimedes pada abad ke-3 SM, termasuk Prinsip Archimedes, yang mendasari
pemahaman kita tentang daya apung, dan solusi praktis seperti sekrup
Archimedes. Brahmagupta, seorang matematikawan asal India, menggunakan
aritmatika pada abad ke-7 M, berdasarkan angka Hindu-Arab, untuk perhitungan
penggalian (volume).
Pada abad ke-18, istilah teknik sipil diciptakan untuk menggabungkan
semua hal sipil yang bertentangan dengan teknik militer. Sekolah teknik
pertama, yaitu Sekolah Nasional Jembatan dan Jalan Raya, di Prancis, dibuka
pada tahun 1747. Insinyur sipil pertama yang memperkenalkan diri adalah John
Smeaton yang membangun Mercusuar Eddystone. Pada tahun 1771, Smeaton dan
beberapa rekannya membentuk Smeatonian Society of Civil Engineers, sekelompok
pemimpin profesi yang bertemu secara informal saat makan malam. Meskipun ada
bukti dari beberapa pertemuan teknis, itu tidak lebih dari sebuah pertemuan
soalial masyarakat. Pada tahun 1818, kominitas teknik pertama di dunia, yaitu
Lembaga Insinyur Sipil yang didirikan di London, dan tahun 1820 insinyur
terkemuka Thomas Telford menjadi presiden pertamanya. Lembaga ini menerima
Piagam Kerajaan pada tahun 1828, yang secara resmi mengakui teknik sipil
sebagai sebuah profesi. Piagamnya mendefinisikan teknik sipil sebagai: “Teknik
sipil adalah penerapan prinsip-prinsip fisika dan ilmiah, dan sejarahnya terkait
erat dengan kemajuan dalam pemahaman fisika dan matematika sepanjang sejarah.
Karena teknik sipil adalah profesi yang luas, termasuk beberapa sub-disiplin
khusus yang terpisah, sejarahnya terkait dengan pengetahuan tentang struktur,
ilmu material, geografi, geologi, tanah, hidrologi, lingkungan, mekanik, dan
bidang lainnya. Perguruan tinggi swasta pertama yang mengajar Teknik Sipil di
Amerika Serikat adalah Universitas Norwich yang didirikan pada tahun 1819 oleh
Kapten Alden Partridge. Gelar pertama di bidang Teknik Sipil di Amerika Serikat
diberikan oleh Institut Politeknik Rensselaer pada tahun 1835. Gelar pertama
yang diberikan kepada seorang wanita diberikan oleh Universitas Cornell kepada
Nora Stanton Blatch pada tahun 1905.
H. Reasons Why Writer Uses Tenses
I found a lot of simple past tense in this
article, because this article describes the development of Civil Engineering in
the past, it’s why this article has many simple past tense
